Who Pollinates Cyclamen persicum?

The breeding system and pollination of two Cyclamen persicum populations were investigated. Two differentiated populations were recognized, a hysteranthous “cliff” population flowering during Oct. – Jan. and a synanthous “field” population flowering from Dec. to April. The two populations are sympatric and are almost seasonally isolated except for a short flowering overlap.

C. persicum is olygophillic and pollination in the two populations is carried out by a small number of taxonomical different insect orders (Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera) but the species composition of most pollinators in each population is different.

Micropterix berytella (Micropterigidae, Lepidoptera) is present only in the synanthous population and belongs to an ancestral family. The flower formation allows this primitive moth to feed on C. persicum pollen and provides a shelter from rain and cold. In addition, the whole flower serves as a site for matting and laying eggs. The exclusive pendant flower also plays a role in solitary bees (Amegilla, Hymenoptera) pollination by enabling them to pollinate the flower by buzz-pollination. For the thrips (Thysanoptera) species that were found, the flower serves as a site for mating and the closed structure of the cone anthers provides a convenient shelter in the flower for the larvae with an abundant food supply.

Insect pollination has a decisive importance since we find that there is no wind pollination and the species is mostly self-incompatible.
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Racheli Schwartz-Tzachor: SPNI and Yad Hanadiv
Amotz Dafni: University of Haifa
Dan Eiskowich: Department of Plant Science, Tel Aviv University

Amotz Dafni and Dan Eiskowich
Ecology and Environment, vol. 6, nos. 3-4 (March 2001): pp. 196-204 [Hebrew summary]

Abstract (p. 204)

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Of further interest...

Accessibility

The Fragrance Garden

The Fragrance Garden, established in 1985, is the youngest of the Memorial Gardens. Seeking a way to enable people with limited or no eyesight to enjoy the flowers, Mme. Dorothy de Rothschild initiated the Fragrance Garden

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Sustainability

Sustainable Gardening

Sustainable gardening is defined as gardening that considers the needs of the current generation without harming the needs of future generations. It includes garden design that considers the existing elements on site – the landscape, soil, environment and vegetation suitable for the region

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Dining Here

Dining-The Picnic Site

The picnic area is located near the secondary parking lot. You are welcome to spend time there before or after your tour of the Gardens.

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Sustainable Gardening

Gardening in the previous century was characterized by high-maintenance garden design, ostentatious use of plants and inanimate elements foreign to the environment, and overuse of non-environmentally friendly fertilizers and pest control agents. While this approach produced immediate results, they came at the heavy price of environmental and groundwater pollution, diminished soil fertility, invasive vegetation, long work hours to control fast-growing plants, and routine use of mechanical equipment.

At the Visitors Pavilion, a garden of wild plants and a garden of cultivated plants exist side by side

With the increased global awareness of wastage and the environmental damage hidden in this approach, a contrasting trend arose to create sustainable interactions in ornamental gardens.

Sustainable gardening is defined as gardening that considers the needs of the current generation without harming the needs of future generations. It includes garden design that considers the existing elements on site – the landscape, soil, environment and vegetation suitable for the region. Sustainable gardening espouses a low level of maintenance and implementation of gardening methods that enrich the soil, increases the natural resistance of the vegetation to diseases and pests and avoid use of chemical fertilizers and control agents as much as possible.

The main aim of this kind of gardening is to reach a long-term balance between all components of the garden.

Ramat Hanadiv by number

The gates of Ramat Hanadiv are open to visitors 365 days a year (except Yom Kippur). The site is visited by over 500 thousand visitors per year, who enjoy the expanses of the Nature Park covering 450 hectares, the walking trails and the cycling trails. In the center of the Nature Park are the 7-hectare Memorial Gardens dedicated to the memory of Baron Rothschild and his wife. A connecting link between these two points of interest is the Visitors Pavilion, where a garden of wild plants and a garden of cultivated plants exist side by side.

Sustainable gardening is expressed in the Memorial Gardens, in the Visitors Pavilion and in the ‘Green Space’ in a number of ways:

Maintaining landscape resources

The garden design of 1936 designated less than 50% of the garden areas to cultivated plants. The remainder of the land (about 4 hectares) remained adorned with local wild plants. As a result, during all four seasons of the year visitors can enjoy displays of native vegetation inside the gardens themselves.
During the dry summer, cultivated plants with a range of foliage colors (such as Acalypha and golden dewdrop) and interesting textures (such as cat’s tail asparagus) take center stage. The vast majority of the plants are perennials, and do not require intensive maintenance.
When constructing the Visitors Pavilion, great efforts were invested in preserving existing landscape assets, such as carob, pine and oak trees. The garden integrated pleasant-looking rocks, with their accompanying vegetation.

Rocks that were dug out on site were crushed and integrated into the construction. On the building’s roof, soil mixed with crushed rock was spread out and enriched with locally-produced compost. In addition, through awareness and planning, the number of parking spaces for cars was reduced in order to plant many trees that will provide shade in the future to 80% of the parking lot area.

Water resource managementThe irrigation system in the Memorial Gardens was made more efficient using remote control. Likewise the amounts of water used to irrigate lawns and shrubs were reduced. The seasonal flowerbed area, a relatively high water consumer, was reduced to one percent of the garden area, and the freed-up area was filled with perennial vegetation with reduced water consumption.The garden of the Visitors Pavilion was planted with Israeli wild plants suited to the local climate, which after their establishment can be disconnected from the dripper lines and manage with the winter rains. An example of such plants are herbs and medicinal plants including rosemary, lavender, hyssop, oregano, fringed rue, tree wormwood, common sage, white micromeria and others; shrubs and trees such as European olive, Syrian maple, mastic tree, Palestine oak and Mount Tabor oak, sage-leaved rock rose and pink rock rose, wild grape, Judas tree and mock privet; and corms and bulbs such as Persian cyclamen.
Diversion of marginal water (from air conditioners) and blackwater from the Visitors Pavilion to the biodisk purification plant.

From the purification plant the clean water flows through purple dripper lines to a designated irrigation plot in the service area.
In the Visitors Pavilion runoff water is drained into four drainage pits, penetrates the soil through penetration pits and is absorbed into the garden areas.
The garden integrates ground cover with wood chips to maintain soil moisture and a pleasant temperature for the root systems, reduce reflected radiation, improve irrigation efficiency, prevent weed growth and enrich the soil as the wood chips slowly decompose.

Conservation of rare wild species is also important to us; these plants are grown in Ramat Hanadiv’s nursery area, to be planted in suitable areas around the Park.

Zero waste in the Garden

Garden waste leaving the Gardens or collected from the Nature Park is taken to Ramat Hanadiv’s composite site. There it is crushed, piled up into piles and decomposes slowly. Soil, rocks and tree trunks are kept on site, and are re-integrated as needed.

A Garden without poison

We minimize fertilizer and pest control with chemicals in the Gardens. Our approach is that a plant which is planted in the most suitable environmental conditions will reach its potential, be strong and not require special treatment. In the Memorial Gardens we do not use leaf blowers, and we implement follow-up and early monitoring of diseases and pests.

Integrating local vegetation

We established an Oncocyclus iris garden in the Memorial Gardens. The irises were collected from disturbed habitats around the country, acclimated and buried in the extensive areas (irrigated by rain alone, with no supplementary summer irrigation) in the Memorial Gardens. Conservation of rare wild species is also important to us; these plants are grown in Ramat Hanadiv’s nursery area, to be planted in suitable areas around the Park.

A garden that attracts animals

Sustainable gardening supports local animals by creating a supportive habitat for them. An example of this is the Ecological Footprint Garden. This picturesque garden is based on vegetation that attracts butterflies, for nectar and as hosts. Butterflies are used as bio-indicators of the balance in their environment, and provide a glimpse of the biological diversity at their service. Such a garden also supports songbirds, for which the Garden’s tree branches provide defense, a place to nest and a food supply.

Positive interactions between humans and the environment

For over 50 years, the Gardens have been serving the broad public that comes for occasional visits, or to enjoy educational activities and cultural events, such as concerts in the shade of the trees and in the amphitheater. Another activity that contributes to strengthening the connection to the community is the work of volunteers from the nearby environment who work in the different divisions at Ramat Hanadiv.

All this is done via consideration of the local plants and animals; we create a supportive habitat for them by limiting the active hours to daylight hours in order to free up the area for the animals during the night hours.

In summary, the vision of Ramat Hanadiv, expressed through commitment to maintaining harmonious interactions between humans and nature, is reflected in the implementation of sustainable gardening throughout the Gardens, while sharing the knowledge accumulated in this field over many years with the professional and amateur public.

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Mata'im Restaurant

Kiosk

The Picnic Site

** On Tuesday, 30/1, the picnic site will be closed for the whole day, on the occasion of the treatment of the pine processionary larvae. **

The picnic area is located near the secondary parking lot. You are welcome to spend time there before or after your tour of the Gardens.

The area is shaded by the woodland trees, allowing you to enjoy your meal and rest.

For the convenience of visitors: picnic tables, water fountains and restrooms.

The site is accessible to the disabled:

Accessible parking adjacent to the picnic site
A standard access path on a slope below 8% leads from the accessible parking to the picnic site
Accessible tables in the shade are located on a paved area and standard manoeuvring area

For your information,

The picnic area is intended for your use and enjoyment!

Please be considerate of the other visitors and follow the rules:

Do not hold functions or meetings
The use of public address systems/microphones/megaphones is forbidden
The use of generators is forbidden
Do not use catering services

The picnic area is part of the Nature Park, which is home to a diversity of plants and animals. Please protect nature.

Thank you.

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Of further interest...

Accessibility

Memorial Gardens Main Entrance

The main entrance to the Memorial Gardens – located next to the Visitors Pavilion. In the entrance plaza are temporary exhibitions on a range of subjects promoted by Ramat Hanadiv

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Dining-Kiosk

Refresh yourself at the Kiosk with a drink or snack. The kiosk is open daily.

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